Electrical circuits {differentiator}| can find difference between two inputs. Differentiators can have input voltage from ground through capacitance to output voltage node, which connects to ground using diode or resistor. RC-circuit time constant must be small.
Wires can connect device to ground {electron sink}| {electrical ground}, which can absorb any number of electrons.
Circuit currents come from batteries or other voltage sources {electron source}|.
Electrical circuits {flip-flop circuit}| can change output voltage from zero to unit voltage and from unit voltage to zero, after input. Flip-flop circuits can have two inputs, each from transistor ground to base. For both transistors, emitters connect to ground. For both transistors, collector connects to other-transistor base. Both transistors have grounded emitters. Second-transistor collector connects through resistance to output voltage node, which connects through capacitor to ground.
Electrical circuits {hold-on relay}| can maintain voltage until switch changes. Hold-on relays can have grounded inductor, which connects to two switches. First switch leads to third switch. Second switch leads to third switch but also connects to ground through capacitor. Output voltage is across third switch. Output voltage is 0 or 1 and does not change until one of first two switches changes. Hold-on relay in OR circuit has output voltage 1 if OR is true. Hold-on relay in AND circuit has output voltage 0 if AND is true.
Electrical circuits {integrator circuit}| can add two inputs. Integrators can have input voltage from ground through resistor to output voltage node, which connects through capacitor to ground. RC-circuit time constant must be large.
Electrical circuits {logic circuit}| {logic gate} can perform logical operations, such as AND, OR, NOT, NOT OR {NOR gate, circuit}, and NOT AND. For NAND gates, P|Q = NOT(P AND Q). For AND gates, if all inputs are 1, output is 1. For OR gates, if at least one input is 1, output is 1. For inverter gates, if input is 1, output is 0. NAND gates are AND, followed by inverter. NOR gates are OR, followed by inverter [Church, 1956].
Logic circuits {AND gate}| can be equivalent to (A v B) or (A and B). AND gates can have two input voltages, each from ground to reverse diode. Output currents combine at node whose output voltage is across resistor and capacitor, each of which is parallel to input diode. AND gates can have two input voltages, each from ground through resistor to transistor base, which also connects through resistor to ground. One emitter connects to ground, and other emitter connects to first-transistor collector. Output voltage is at second collector, which lies across resistor and capacitor to grounded emitter.
Logic circuits {AND/OR gate} {AND-OR gate}| can have two system inputs, controller input, and output. Output of 2 or 3 sends output. If controller is 0, circuit is AND gate. If controller is 1, circuit is OR gate.
Logic circuits {NEGATIVE AND gate}| {NAND gate} {Sheffer stroke} can be equivalent to ~(A v B) or not (A and B). NEGATIVE AND gates can have two input voltages, each from ground to diode, whose output currents combine at node whose output voltage is across resistor and capacitor to ground. NEGATIVE AND gates can have two input voltages, each from ground to reverse diode, whose output currents combine at node, which connects across resistor to ground and connects to diode. Diode output current goes to transistor base, which connects across resistor to ground. Emitter connects to ground. Output voltage is from collector to grounded emitter, across resistor.
Logic circuits {NEGATIVE OR gate}| {NOR gate, negative or} can be equivalent to ~(A ^ B) or not (A or B). NEGATIVE OR gates can have two input voltages, each from ground to reverse diode, whose output currents combine at node. Node connects across resistor to ground and leads to diode, whose output current goes to transistor base, which connects across resistor to ground. Emitter connects to ground. Output voltage is at collector, which connects across resistor to ground.
Logic circuits {NOT gate}| {inverter circuit} can be equivalent to ~A or not A. NOT gates can have input voltage from ground through resistor to transistor base, which lies across resistor and capacitor to ground. Emitter connects to ground. Output voltage is across capacitor to collector, which connects across diodes and resistors to ground.
Logic circuits {OR gate}| can be equivalent to (A ^ B) or (A OR B). OR gates can have two input voltages, each from ground to diode. Two output currents combine at node whose output voltage is across resistor to ground. OR gates can have two input voltages, each from ground to diode, whose output currents combine at transistor base. Base also connects through resistor and capacitor to ground. Emitter connects to ground. Output voltage is at collector, which connects across resistor and capacitor to grounded emitter.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225